Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows．according to British biologists．
Researchers identified different“personalities” in their fish by observing the boldness or shyness of individuals，according to The Nature．Like people，some fish are very confident in the face of novelty(新奇事物)or conflict；while others are silent and fear．
The scientists selected particularly bold and shy rainbow trout，and tested whether they changed their outlook depending on what life threw at them．They arranged some fish to fight and others to watch to see how both the participants and observers responded to victories and defeats．Winning or losing a fight，or even watching fellow fish overcome the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures studied in the lab．
The researchers made fish compete with much larger or smaller opponents．to ensure that they would win or lose their fights．These bold fish that won their fights tended to be even bolder when later presented with a novel food item；losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious．
Fish also learn by watching others．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery object were much more nervous when later given a novelty item for themselves．
Predictably，shy fish that won a fight also gained more confidence，but surprisingly，shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food，Sneddon said，adding that this could be due to what she calls a“desperado effect”(亡命徒效應)．
The new research suggests that animals can gradually adapt their personalities．The results echo the effects that life experience can have on human．
1.What does．the underlined word“creatures’’probably refer to?
A．Fish． B．Participants． C．Observers． D．Researchers．
2.The third paragraph of the text is mainly about—————．
A．a conclusion of the research
B．an explanation of fish characters
C．a statement of the experiment
D．a description of fish fights
3.What can we know from the research?
A．Bold losing fish become—e bolder when presented With a novel food item．
B．Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous．
C．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous．
D．Shy fish losing fights grow more confident in exploring new food．
4.What’s the main idea of the text?’
A．Fish have stress in the fierce fights．
B．Fish care about winning or losing a fight．
C．Fish have adaptable personalities．
D．Fish can learn a lot by watching others．
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.C
【解析】
試題分析：文章介紹了一項研究的發現，魚在生活的起伏的時候性格是會變化的。文章具體介紹了研究的過程和結果。
1.猜詞題：這篇文章講的是魚的事情，creatures指的是fish。選A
2.段落大意題：第三段講的是科學家選了一些勇敢的或害羞的鱒魚，看看贏和輸對它們有什么影響。選C
3.細節題：從第六段的句子：shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food，可知害羞的魚在輸了比賽后會更加有自信。選D
4.主旨題：從文章的第一段的句子：Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows．可知魚在生活的起伏的時候性格是會變化的。選C
考點：考查科普類短文
點評：文章還是有些難度難度的，但只要抓住主旨和文章的結構，就很容易理解。在解答這類問題時要求學生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對性方法進行閱讀，答案在文章中可以直接找到。要注意的往往是主旨題。提高概括能力。
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Scientists in Canada say big fish have almost disappeared from the world since the start of industrial（產業的） fishing in the 1950s. The scientists found the numbers of some kinds of large fish have dropped by ninety percent in the past fifty years.
The study took ten years. The researchers gathered records from fishing businesses and governments around the world. The magazine Nature published the findings.
The scientists say the common method called long line fishing ravages the populations of large fish. This method involves many fishing lines connected to one boat. These wires can be nearly one hundred kilometers long. They hold thousands of sharp metal hooks to catch fish.
Long line fishing is especially common in the Japanese fishing industry. Records showed that Japanese boats used to catch about ten fish for every one hundred hooks. But long line fishing boats now might only catch one fish per hundred hooks.
The scientists say industrial fishing can destroy groups of fish much faster than in the past. The study suggests that whole populations can disappear almost completely from new fishing areas within ten to fifteen years.
Ransom Myers and Boris Worm of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia led the study with the University of Kiel in Germany. Worm says the destruction could lead to a complete reorganization of ocean life systems. Meyers says the decreased numbers of large fish are not the only worry. He says even populations that are able to reproduce do not get the chance to live long enough to grow as big as their ancestors. He says not only are there fewer big fish, but also they are smaller than those of the past.
It’s the end of this program ,Thank you for your listening.
What’s the best title for the passage?
A. Big fish are disappearing B. Long—line fishing in Japan
C. The harm of industrial fishing D. Stop killing big fish
Which of the following DOESN’T show that the populations of big fish are smaller than before?
A. Fish can disappear almost completely from new fishing areas.
B. Now long—line fishing boats might catch one fish per hundred hooks.
C. Fish now don’t have the chance to grow big enough.
D. Scientists spent ten years studying the populations of large fish.
What can we learn from the passage?
A. The number of big fish started to drop greatly about fifty years ago.
B. The study was started by Boris Worm of Dalhousie alone.
C. There will be no big fish left in fifty years .
D. Japaneses people have stopped catching big fish.
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There are some things humans can go without. We can lose a kidney or a lung, an arm or two and still live perfectly well. But some fish put us to shame. They can get by without stomachs.
One such fish is the stout longtom. The group it belongs to carries a more appropriate name: the needlefish. All needlefish lack stomachs. Their ancestors had them, but later they were lost.
The stout longtom can reach 1.3 meters in length, and lives near the sea surface. Like all needlefish, it can jump out of the water to escape its enemies. Tropical fishermen are sometimes injured by needlefish. In 1977, a 10-year-old Hawaiian boy was killed when a needlefish jumped through his brain. The longtom eats smaller fish. It teeth are not good at cutting fish into pieces, so it swallows fish whole.
Ryan Day from Australia and his colleagues wanted to know how the longtom digests its meaty meals without a stomach, so they ran some chemical tests about the fish.
Day’s results show that the longtom can consume food without the help of a stomach. It uses a special material called trypsin that can break down proteins without acid — although the approach is less efficient than using a stomach.
Because it’s a meat-eating animal, the longtom gets a lot of protein in its food, so it can afford this slightly less efficient system for absorbing it. Two plant-eating fish that Day studies actually had higher levels of trypsin in their body, as their food was low in protein.
Day thinks that the longtom and its stomachless relatives might actually have arrived at an energy-saving solution. He says that although the stomach is critical to many kinds of animal, the organ is “a fairly expensive organ to run”. This perhaps explains why some animals have got rid of theirs.
【小題1】What does the underlined phrase “get by” mean?
| A．Recover. | B．Fight. | C．Hunt. | D．Live. |
| A．catches smaller fish in the water | B．digests the smaller fish in its body |
| C．can jump so high to escape its enemies | D．uses acid to break down the protein |
| A．Trypsin. | B．Acid | C．The stomach. | D．Protein in its body. |
| A．the longtom can make acid easily |
| B．the longtom often waste energy |
| C．the longtom’s high-protein food helps its unique way of consuming food. |
| D．meat –eating fish have higher levels of trypsin in their bodies than plant-eating fish |
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Scientists in Canada say big ocean fish have almost disappeared from the world since the start of industrial fishing in the nineteen-fifties. The scientists found that population of large fish like tuna; swordfish and cod have dropped by ninety percent in the past fifty years.
The study took ten years. The researchers gathered records from fishing businesses and governments around the world. The magazine Nature published the findings.
The scientists say the common method called longline fishing is especially damaging to populations of large fish. This method involves many fishing lines connected to one boat. These wires can be close to one-hundred kilometers long. They hold thousands of sharp metal hooks to catch fish.
Longline fishing is especially common in the Japanese fishing industry. Records showed that Japanese boats used to catch about ten fish for every one-hundred hooks. The study says longline fishing boats now might catch one fish per hundred hooks.
The scientists say industrial fishing can destroy groups of fish much faster than in the past. The study suggests that whole populations can disappear almost completely from new fishing areas within ten to fifteen years.
Ransom Myers of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia led the study with Boris Worm of Dalhousie and the University of Kiel in Germany. Mister Worm says the destruction could lead to a complete re-organization of ocean life systems. Mister Meyers says the decreased number of large fish is not the only worry. He says even populations that are able to reproduce do not get the chance to live long enough to grow as big as their ancestors(祖先). He says not only are there fewer big fish, they are smaller than those of the past.
American government scientists say even with the best efforts to protect fish populations, decreases are to be expected.
【小題1】Where is the passage probably taken from?
| A．A story book. |
| B．A business magazine. |
| C．An environment report. |
| D．An economic survey. |
| A．longline fishing method is used |
| B．sea water is getting polluted |
| C．mankind destroys the environment |
| D．governments don’t make the best efforts |
| A．Today’s “large”fish are smaller than those of the past. |
| B．Longline boats now might catch fewer fish every one-hundred hooks. |
| C．Fish even able to reproduce don’t have the chance to live longer. |
| D．Japanese boats could catch about ten fish for every 100 hooks. |
| A．Discoveries Canadian Scientists Have Made |
| B．Japanese Fishing Industry |
| C．Losses of Big Fish |
| D．Modern Fishing Methods |
| A．In the 1960s. | B．In the 1970s. | C．In the 1980s. | D．In the 1990s. |
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The hard, parrot-like beak（喙）of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open shellfish. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot swallow large pieces of meat. Instead, it feeds by pouring digestive juices into its victims, and then sucking up the soupy remains. A shellfish that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.
1.This passage is mainly about .
A．the horrors of the octopus
B．the largest octopus in the world
C．octopi and their behavior
D．the octopus’s deadly hunting method
2.It is implied but not stated in the passage that .
A．people have unreasonable fears about the octopus
B．the octopus is not interested in human beings
C．the octopus is afraid of human beings
D．the octopus is a very cruel sea animal
3.What does the underlined part “careful creatures” refer to in the last paragraph?
A．Octopi. B．Shellfish. C．Fish. D．The victims.
4.The hard beak of the octopus is used for .
A．attacking deep-sea divers B．cutting up large pieces of meat
C．cutting open its victims D．defending itself
5.From the passage, we can conclude that .
A．the octopus is not dangerous to man
B．people often fear creatures that are not dangerous to them
C．the octopus only hunts its natural victims
D．things described in movies are not to be believed
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